Fuzzy model to estimate the number of hospitalizations for asthma and pneumonia under the effects of air pollution / Modelo fuzzy para estimar o número de internações por asma e pneumonia sob os efeitos da poluição do ar

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Predict the number of hospitalizations for asthma and pneumonia associated with exposure to air pollutants in the city of São José dos Campos, São Paulo State. METHODS This is a computational model using fuzzy logic based on Mamdani’s inference method. For the fuzzification of the input variables of particulate matter, ozone, sulfur dioxide and apparent temperature, we considered two relevancy functions for each variable with the linguistic approach: good and bad. For the output variable number of hospitalizations for asthma and pneumonia, we considered five relevancy functions: very low, low, medium, high and very high. DATASUS was our source for the number of hospitalizations in the year 2007 and the result provided by the model was correlated with the actual data of hospitalization with lag from zero to two days. The accuracy of the model was estimated by the ROC curve for each pollutant and in those lags. RESULTS In the year of 2007, 1,710 hospitalizations by pneumonia and asthma were recorded in São José dos Campos, State of São Paulo, with a daily average of 4.9 hospitalizations (SD = 2.9). The model output data showed positive and significant correlation (r = 0.38) with the actual data; the accuracies evaluated for the model were higher for sulfur dioxide in lag 0 and 2 and for particulate matter in lag 1. CONCLUSIONS Fuzzy modeling proved accurate for the pollutant exposure effects and hospitalization for pneumonia and asthma approach.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Prever o número de internações por asma e pneumonia associadas à exposição a poluentes do ar no município em São José dos Campos, estado de São Paulo. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um modelo computacional que utiliza a lógica fuzzy baseado na técnica de inferência de Mamdani. Para a fuzzificação das variáveis de entrada material particulado, ozônio, dióxido de enxofre e temperatura aparente foram consideradas duas funções de pertinência para cada variável com abordagem linguísticas: bom e ruim. Para a variável de saída número internações por asma e pneumonia, foram consideradas cinco funções de pertinências: muito baixo, baixo, médio, alto e muito alto. O número de internações no ano de 2007 foi obtido do Datasus e o resultado fornecido pelo modelo foi correlacionado com os dados reais de internação com defasagem (lag) de zero a dois dias. A acurácia do modelo foi estimada pela curva ROC para cada poluente e nestas defasagens. RESULTADOS No ano de 2007 foram registradas 1.710 internações por pneumonia e asma em São José dos Campos, SP, com média diária de 4,9 internações (dp = 2,9). Os dados de saída do modelo mostraram correlação positiva e significativa (r = 0,38) com os dados reais; as acurácias avaliadas para o modelo foram maiores para o dióxido de enxofre nos lag 0 e 2 e para o material particulado no lag 1. CONCLUSÕES Modelagem fuzzy se mostrou acurada para a abordagem de efeitos da exposição aos poluentes e internação por pneumonia e asma.

Air pollutants and hospitalization due to pneumonia among children. An ecological time series study / Poluentes atmosféricos e internações por pneumonia em crianças. Estudo ecológico de série temporal

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Exposure to air pollutants is one of the factors responsible for hospitalizations due to pneumonia among children. This has considerable financial cost, along with social cost. A study to identify the role of this exposure in relation to hospital admissions due to pneumonia among children up to 10 years of age was conducted. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological time series study using data from São José dos Campos, Brazil. METHODS: Daily data on hospitalizations due to pneumonia and on the pollutants CO, O3, PM10 and SO2, temperature and humidity in São José dos Campos, in 2012, were analyzed. A generalized additive model of Poisson's regression was used. Relative risks for hospitalizations due to pneumonia, according to lags of 0-5 days, were estimated. The population-attributable fraction, number of avoidable hospitalizations and cost savings from avoidable hospitalizations were calculated. RESULTS: There were 539 admissions. Exposure to CO and O3 was seen to be associated with hospitalizations, with risks of 1.10 and 1.15 on the third day after exposure to increased CO concentration of 200 ppb and ozone concentration of 20 µg/m3. Exposure to the pollutants of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide were not shown to be associated with hospitalizations. Decreases in CO and ozone concentrations could lead to 49 fewer hospitalizations and cost reductions of R$ 39,000.00. CONCLUSION: Exposure to certain air pollutants produces harmful effects on children's health, even in a medium-sized city. Public policies to reduce emissions of these pollutants need to be implemented.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: A exposição a poluentes do ar é um dos fatores responsáveis pelas internações por pneumonias em crianças. Esse desfecho tem custo financeiro considerável, além do custo social. Estudo para identificar o papel dessa exposição nas internações em crianças com até 10 anos de idade foi desenvolvido. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados de São José dos Campos, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Dados diários de internações por pneumonia, dos poluentes CO, O3, PM10, SO2 além de temperatura e umidade de São José dos Campos, em 2012, foram analisados. Utilizou-se modelo aditivo generalizado da regressão de Poisson e foram estimados os riscos relativos para internações por pneumonia segundo defasagens de 0 a 5 dias. Foram calculadas a fração atribuível populacional, as internações evitáveis e a economia nos custos das internações evitáveis. RESULTADOS: Foram 539 internações. Exposição ao CO e O3 se mostraram associadas às internações, com riscos de 1,10 e 1,15 no terceiro dia após a exposição decorrentes de aumento nas concentrações do CO em 200 ppb e nas concentrações de ozônio em 20 µg/m3. Exposições aos poluentes material particulado e dióxido de enxofre não se mostraram associados às internações. Diminuição nas concentrações de CO e O3 poderiam reduzir em 49 internações e de R$ 39 mil nos custos. CONCLUSÃO: Mesmo em uma cidade de médio porte, exposição a determinados poluentes do ar causa efeito danoso à saúde da criança, sendo necessária a implantação de políticas públicas para redução da emissão desses poluentes.

Is ambient air pollution another risk factor of tuberculosis?

No abstract available.

Impact of outdoor air pollution on the incidence of tuberculosis in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although indoor air pollution is a well-known risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), the possible link between outdoor air pollution and TB development has not been examined fully. We assessed the impact of outdoor air pollution on TB development in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. METHODS: The mean concentrations of ambient particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10), O3, CO, NO2, and SO2 levels in Seoul, between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2006, were determined. Furthermore, their association with the risk of developing TB after adjusting for socioeconomic status, between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2006, was investigated. RESULTS: Between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2006, a total of 41,185 TB cases were reported in Seoul. Concentrations of PM10, O3, CO, and NO2 were not associated with TB incidence in males or females. However, the interquartile increase in SO2 concentration was associated with a 7% increment in TB incidence (relative risk [RR], 1.07; 95% credible interval [CrI], 1.03 to 1.12) in males but not in females (RR, 1.02; 95% CrI, 0.98 to 1.07). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to ambient SO2 increased the risk of TB in males.

Association of sulfur dioxide exposure with circulatory system deaths in a medium-sized city in Brazil

There is a demonstrable association between exposure to air pollutants and deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of exposure to sulfur dioxide on mortality due to circulatory diseases in individuals 50 years of age or older residing in São José dos Campos, SP. This was a time-series ecological study for the years 2003 to 2007 using information on deaths due to circulatory disease obtained from Datasus reports. Data on daily levels of pollutants, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone, temperature, and humidity were obtained from the São Paulo State Environmental Agency. Moving average models for 2 to 7 days were calculated by Poisson regression using the R software. Exposure to SO2 was analyzed using a unipollutant, bipollutant or multipollutant model adjusted for mean temperature and humidity. The relative risks with 95%CI were obtained and the percent decrease in risk was calculated. There were 1928 deaths with a daily mean (± SD) of 1.05 ± 1.03 (range: 0-6). Exposure to SO2 was significantly associated with mortality due to circulatory disease: RR = 1.04 (95%CI = 1.01 to 1.06) in the 7-day moving average, after adjusting for ozone. There was an 8.5% decrease in risk in the multipollutant model, proportional to a decrease of SO2 concentrations. The results of this study suggest that residents of medium-sized Brazilian cities with characteristics similar to those of São José dos Campos probably have health problems due to exposure to air pollutants.

Environmental pollutants and stroke-related hospital admissions / Poluentes ambientais e internações devido a acidente vasculoencéfalico

Some effects of environmental pollution on human health are known, especially those affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The current study aimed to estimate these effects on the production of hospital admissions for stroke. This was an ecological study using hospital admissions data in São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, Brazil, with diagnosis of stroke, from January 1, 2007, to April 30, 2008. The target pollutants were particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. Use of a Poisson linear regression model showed that same-day exposure to particulate matter was associated with hospitalization for stroke (RR = 1.013; 95%CI: 1.001-1.025). An increase of 10µg/m³ in this pollutant increased the risk of hospitalization by 12% (RR = 1.137; 95%CI: 1.014-1.276). In the multi-pollutant model, it was thus possible to identify particulate matter as associated with hospitalization for stroke in a medium-sized city like São José dos Campos.

Alguns dos efeitos da poluição ambiental na saúde humana são conhecidos, destacando aqueles nos sistemas respiratório e cardiovascular. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estimar esses efeitos na gênese das internações por acidente vasculoencefálico. Foi um estudo ecológico realizado com dados de internações da cidade de São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil, relativos aos diagnósticos de acidente vascular cerebral, entre 1º de janeiro de 2007 e 30 de abril de 2008. Os poluentes estudados foram material particulado, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio. Utilizando-se de modelo linear generalizado da regressão de Poisson, foi possível identificar exposição ao material particulado, no mesmo dia, como associado à internação por acidente vasculoencefálico (RR = 1,013; IC95%: 1,001-1,025). O aumento de 10µg/m3 desse poluente aumenta o risco de internação em 12% (RR = 1,137; IC95%: 1,014-1,276). Assim, foi possível identificar o material particulado, no modelo multipoluente, como associado à internação por acidente vasculoencefálico numa cidade de porte médio, como São José dos Campos.

Asma e poluentes ambientais: um estudo de séries temporais / Asthma and ambient pollutants: a time series study

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o risco para internação por asma em crianças após exposição a poluentes do ar em uma cidade de porte médio do Sudeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados de internação por asma em crianças com até 10 anos de idade residentes em São José dos Campos, SP, e concentrações de material particulado com diâmetro aerodinâmico inferior a 10 micra, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio; foram obtidos dados sobre umidade relativa do ar e temperaturas. Foram estimados os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson para as variáveis do estudo. Para estimar a associação entre as internações por asma e os poluentes do ar, foram construídos modelos aditivos generalizados de regressão de Poisson, segundo defasagens de até sete dias. RESULTADOS: Houve forte correlação entre as internações e os poluentes material particulado e dióxido de enxofre. Exposições a material particulado e dióxido de enxofre estiveram associadas a riscos relativos significativos de 1,01 a 1,04 para internação por asma no mesmo dia e em até três dias após a exposição. Aumentos nas concentrações destes poluentes elevam o risco de internação entre 8% e 19%. CONCLUSÃO: Assim, apresentaram-se evidências da ação de poluentes do ar na internação por asma em uma cidade de porte médio do Sudeste do Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of hospitalization for asthma in children after exposure to air pollutants in a medium-sized city in Southeast Brazil. METHODS: An ecological time series study was carried out with hospitalization data for asthma in children under 10 years of age living in São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil, and concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 microns, sulfur dioxide, and ozone; data were also obtained on relative humidity and temperatures. Pearson's coefficient correlation was used for the study variables. To estimate the association between hospitalizations due to asthma and air pollutants, Poisson regression generalized additive models were built, according to lags of up to seven days. RESULTS: There was a strong correlation between hospitalizations and the pollutants particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Exposure to particulate matter and sulfur dioxide were associated with significant relative risks of 1.01 to 1.04 of hospitalization due to asthma on the same day and within three days after exposure. Increases in the concentrations of these pollutants increase the risk of hospitalization between 8% and 19%. CONCLUSION: There is evidence of the effect of air pollutants on asthma hospitalization in a medium-sized city in Southeast Brazil.

Environmental health effects of brick kilns in Kathmandu valley.

INTRODUCTION: Brick kilns operating in Kathmandu valley are known to be a leading cause of air pollution. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of brick kilns on environment and human health. This study has been done at Duwakot VDC in Bhaktapur. METHODS: This study was conducted during brick kilns operating and not operating periods. Different methods were used for data collection, such as household environmental health survey, school health examination, and air quality measurement for total suspend particles, particulate matter of size less than 10 microns, Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, and Carbon Monoxide. RESULTS: A total of 330 individuals were interviewed during household environmental survey and majority of them expressed about smoke related respiratory discomfort at home and surrounding. Out of 141 school children who underwent thorough physical health examination, 79 students were from Ganesh Public School (located near to brick kilns) and 62 were from Nabin English School (far away from brick kilns). Statistically significant high odds ratios for respiratory problems like tonsillitis (4.17 95% CI 2.05, 8.45) and acute pharyngitis (4.08 95% CI 2.01, 8.33) were observed among the students from Ganesh Public School. Average value of particulate matter of size less than 10 microns and total suspend particles for the pre operation time was 0.029 mg/m3 and 0.033 mg/m3 respectively whereas, it reached 0.050 mg/m3 and 0.056 mg/m3 respectively during the brick kiln operation time. CONCLUSION: The concentration of various air pollutants was higher during the operation of brick kilns at Duwakot. Similarly, the health status of the school children attending the school close to the vicinity of the brick kilns was worse compared to the students attending the school away from the brick kilns.

Impacto en la salud ambiental por efecto de emisiones de dióxido de azufre del Volcán Arenal, en la población de la Fortuna de San Carlos / Impact in the health ambient by effect of dioxide emissions sulfur of the Arenal Volcano, in the population of Fortuna of San Carlos

Introducción: Las emisiones de dióxido de azufre (SO2) del volcán Arenal representan un riesgo para la salud ambiental en La Fortuna. Se realizó un análisis teórico de las diferentes variaciones en las concentraciones de SO2 del volcán, con posible impacto a la salud de sus pobladores. Estudios teóricos sobre emisión y dispersión de gases volcánicos, así como su impacto potencial a la salud en el país, han sido realizados en 1999 por Morales & Liao. Material y métodos: Basados en datos de máxima emisión de SO2 del Arenal, se presumen escenarios de diferentes volúmenes de emisión de SO2, a diferentes clases de condiciones atmosféricas. Para determinar el mecanismo de dispersión del SO2 y sus concentraciones en La Fortuna, se utilizó el modelo Gaussiano con cálculo de penacho y dispersión horizontal a nivel de piso. Resultados: Emisiones de SO2 con causales inferiores a 190ton/día no representan riesgo para la salud humana en La Fortuna. Emisiones superiores a 800 ton/día, con velocidades de salida superiores a 40 km/h provocan concentraciones de SO2 cercanas a los 365 ug/m3, (máxima concentración para un período de 24 horas de exposición), para atmósferas tipo A y B. Emisiones de SO2 mayores a 12.000 ton/día, implican un riesgo a la salud de los pobladores de La Fortuna, incluyendo características fatales. Se recomienda implementar monitoreos constantes de las emisiones de SO2 para tomar medidas de protección en La Fortuna en caso de emisiones iguales o mayores a 800 ton/día.

Repercussões clínicas da exposição à poluição atmosférica / Clinical repercussions of exposure to atmospheric pollution

A poluição atmosférica é um assunto exaustivamente discutido mundialmente. As repercussões clínicas decorrentes das exposições aos principais poluentes atmosféricos são apresentadas resumidamente. Os padrões de qualidade do ar para esses agentes, segundo a Agência de Proteção Ambiental Americana, estão descritos em relação aos seus valores primários e tempo médio. Os efeitos respiratórios conseqüentes à queima de combustíveis fósseis e de biomassa são apresentados de forma sucinta visando, essencialmente, a alertar os profissionais da saúde para o aumento da morbidade relacionada com a poluição ambiental.

Atmospheric pollution is a topic of extensive discussion the world over. The clinical repercussions of exposure to the principal atmospheric pollutants are summarized herein. According to the American Environmental Protection Agency, air quality standards for these agents are set based on their primary and half-life values. The respiratory effects of the burning of fossil fuels and biomass are succinctly presented, with a special focus on alerting health care professionals of the increased morbidity related to environmental pollution.

Heterogeneity of daily pulmonary function in response to air pollution among asthmatic children.

Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated the association of short-term exposure to air pollution with transient declines in pulmonary function. Although the magnitudes of declines in pulmonary function found in these studies are relatively small, the effects vary among children. This study examined whether the variation is evidence of biological heterogeneity or due to random variation by analyzing data from a panel study of 83 asthmatic school children exposed to SO2 and PM10 in the Mae Moh district of Thailand. Daily pulmonary function testing was performed on the children for 61 days. General linear mixed models were used to examine and test for the null hypothesis of no variation in the subject-specific slopes of pulmonary functions in response to the air pollutants. The individual daily pulmonary functions measured were FVC, FEV1, PEFR, and FEF(25-75%). These were used as an outcome to compare with air pollutant concentrations as random effects, adjusting for height, gender, time, and temperature. The results indicate evidence of inter-individual variation for subject-specific changes in FVC, FEV1, and PEFR due to the effects of SO2 and PM10 on children. In conclusion, even at low concentrations of daily SO2 and PM10 in the study area, there is evidence of a heterogeneous response to short-term exposure to SO2 and PM10 in children.

Adição de dióxido de enxofre à água de coco: avaliação do seu efeito sobre o crescimento de Bacillus subtilis e Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Sulfur dioxide addition to the water of coconut: evaluation of his effect about the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A cocoicultura é considerada a segunda cultura frutífera em importância na região nordeste do Brasil. Atualmente, a extração e envase da água de coco em embalagens cartonadas vem demonstrando ser uma alternativa viável para sua comercialização, abrindo novos mercados, conquistando novos consumidores e contribuindo para agregação de valor ao produto. Porém, a industrialização da água de coco requer a aplicação de métodos de conservação que garantam a preservação, aumentando a vida de prateleira e a segurança do alimento. Grandes empresas têm optado pela utilização do processo UHT, o qual é inviável para pequenas unidades de produção, devido ao alto custo de aquisição do equipamento. Nestes casos, o emprego de um conservante químico pode se apresentar como uma possível alternativa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o efeito inibitório de diferentes concentrações de dióxido de enxofre (SO2) frente a microrganismos intencionalmente inoculados.

Acute effects of SO2 and particles from a power plant on respiratory symptoms of children, Thailand.

Epidemiological studies to evaluate the acute effects of ambient SO2 on the respiratory health of children provide inconclusive results. A panel study to examine the association of short-term exposure to ambient SO2 and respiratory symptoms of 196 children for a period of 107 days was conducted in Thailand. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to examine the association of daily variation of air pollution with daily respiratory symptoms. During the study period, SO2 was not associated with respiratory symptoms in either asthmatics or non-asthmatics, whereas a 10 microg/m3 increase in PM10 was modestly associated with increases of lower respiratory symptom incidence (OR=1.03, 95%CI=0.98, 1.09) and cough (OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.00, 1.08) in asthmatics. At the low ambient air pollution concentrations observed, particulate matter rather than SO2 was associated on a microg/m3 basis with acute daily respiratory symptoms.

Contaminación intradomiciliaria en un sector de extrema pobreza de la comuna de La Pintana / Indoor air pollution in a zone of extreme poverty at La Pintana community, Santiago

Background: Indoor pollution can be an important risk factor for human health, considering that people spend more than 60 percent of their time in their houses. Aim: To investigate indoor pollution in a zone of extreme poverty in Metropolitan Santiago. Material and methods: During 24h, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), respirable particulate matter (PM10), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons absorbed in PM5, temperature and humidity, were measured in the interior of 24 houses in La Pintana, Santiago. Results: The higher pollutant concentrations were observed during hours when heating was used, in houses that used coal (mean PM10 250 µg/m3, CO 42 ppm, SO2 192 ppb) or firewood (mean PM10 489 µg/m3, CO 57 ppm, SO2 295 ppb). In all houses, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected and they came from the interior of the house and not from external filtered air. Coal, firewood and cigarette smoke were important sources of carcinogenic and kerosene and gas were sources of non carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Conclusions: In the houses studied, the population was exposed to an accumulation of highly toxic pollutants, caused by a lack of ventilation. A high relative humidity also contributed to the growth of biological pollutants

Efeito do dióxido de enxofre na produçäo de citocinas por macrófagos alveolares humanos in vitro / Effect of sulfur dioxide on cytokine production of human alveolar macrophages in vitro

OBJETIVO: Fator de necrose tumoral, interleucina-1b, interleucina-6 e fator de crescimento trransformador-B säo citocinas sintetizadas por macrófagos alveolares. Foi investigado o efeito do dióxido de enxofre, um importante poluente atmosférico, sobre a produçäo destas citocinas por macrófagos alveolares. O objetivo do presente estudo in vitro é, portanto, investigar os efeitos do enxofre na liberaçäo de necrose tumoral, interleucina-1B e interleucina-6 e de crescimento transformador-B por MAs. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: As c

Efecto sobre la función pulmonar en personas expuestas a cenizas del volcán Popocatépetl: diciembre 1994-enero, 1995 / Effects on pulmonary function in subjects exposed to Popocatepetl volcan ashes: December 1994-January 1995

En la última semana se 1994, el volcán Popocatépetl aumentó su actividad y lanzó al exterior ceniza y óxido de azufre. Entre el 25 de diciembre de 1994 y el 4 de enero de 1995 se aplicó el cuestionario de enfermedades respiratorias de la Americana Thoracic Society y se realizó espirometría cronometrada a 80 personas que estuvieron expuestas de uno a cinco días. La mayoría refirió ardor y resequedad orofaríngea, algunos tos y disnea de medianos y grandes esfuerzos y pocos expectoración. En las espirometrías, 34 personas resultaron normales, 44 mostraron alteraciones restrictiva y 2 obstructiva. Estos resultados preliminares muetran alteraciones funcionales pulmonares en una proporción mayor a la que habitualmente se observa en una población con similar exposición a humo de tabaco o leña

Assessment of environmental pollutants at Kushk Mine, Iran

To determine the nature and grade of air pollutants at different locations [work sectors] of the mine and also to find out how to institute improvements. Air samples at peak working periods were taken three times, to obtain a median value, using a Drager Quantimeter 1000 with both short- and long-time exposure detection tubes. Underground tunnels, surface mine, milling department, explosive store, chemical laboratory and other important corners of Kushk Mine, Iran.Gases supposed to have evolved because of natural ore distribution or gases produced by different mining and milling procedures. Very high concentration of sulphur dioxide emission [31.5 ppm] on to the surface through the main ventilationl window and also high atmospheric levels of carbon monoxide [62 ppm], oxides of nitrogen [50.2 ppm] and cyanides [11.4 ppm] could be detected. Correction of mechanical defects in the production line and poor engineering lay-out of the plant, together with adequate health and safety education to the persons concerned and good housekeeping can combat pollutions to provide a safe healthy work environment

Respuesta bronquial a metacolina en trabajadores expuestos crónicamente a anhídrido sulfuroso / Bronchial response to methacoline in workers chronically exposed to sulfur dioxide

Con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de la inhalación crónica de concentraciones altas de SO2 sobre la frecuencia de síntomas respiratorios, la función pulmonar y la reactividad bronquial, se estudió a 23 trabajadores de una fundición de cobre expuestos a SO2. Como grupo control se estudió 14 funcionarios administrativos de la misma fundición, no expuestos a SO2 y 10 trabajadores del hospital de LLay-LLay localidad cercana a la fundición sin SO2 en el ambiente. En todos los sujetos se evaluó la presencia de síntomas respiratorios mediante una encuesta, se determinó la capacidad vital y el VEF1 y se realizó una curva dosis-respuesta a metacolina en la que se midió la respuesta máxima (M), la dosis que produce el 50 por ciento de la respuesta máxima (ED50) y la concentración que produce la caida del 20 porciento del VEF1 (PC20). No se encontró diferencias en la frecuencia de síntomas respiratorios entre los 3 grupos estudiados. Los valores espirométricos fueron normales y no se encontró diferencias significativas entre los grupos. La M fue de 13.9ñ7.9 porciento en los trabajadores expuestos, 11.9ñ8.7 porciento en los administrativos y 14ñ11.6 por ciento en los trabajadores de LLay -LLay. La ED50 fue del 0.29ñ0.5 mM; 0.28ñ0.27 mM y 0.15ñ0.16 mM respectivamente. No se encontró relación entre la magnitud y los índices funcionales medidos. Los resultados sugieren que la exposición crónica a SO2 en el ambiente laboral no produce alteraciones en la reactividad bronquial ni aumenta los síntomas respiratorios

Air pollution related respiratory morbidity in central and north-eastern Bombay.

A study of 4 comparable communities in central & northeastern Bombay (2 each) among randomly matched 349 subjects in 1988-9, along with ambient sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) & suspended particulate matter (SPM) air monitoring was carried out. The levels in winter were higher particularly for SO2 in Parel (upto 584 micrograms) in Maravali; Deonar showed lower pollution. There were inter-area differences for housing, income, residential history but age-sex differences were small; these were reduced by matching. Clinical respiratory symptoms were higher in Parel & Maravali (cough 12% and 11.2%, dyspnoea 17% & 13.3% respectively). Cardiac problems are commoner in Parel (11.0%). Smoker had cough more often but not dyspnoea. Maravali had a high prevalence for headache and eye irritation (9.5%). Those using kerosene suffered more than those using gas (22.2% as compared to 9.2%) Lung functions (FVC, FEVI) were lowest in Parel for males and in Maravali for females. Expiratory flow rates were lower at Dadar and then at Maravali. Despite lower SO2 pollution, Maravali residents suffered equally as in Parel. This may be due to added effect of diesel exhausts (NO2, SPM) or other unmeasured chemicals.